Effects of Soil Washing by Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in the Batch and Continouse Flow Configurations on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil and Nanofluid

Author
B. dahrazma
Associate professor/Shahrood University o
Abstract
Remediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals is an important environmental issue which attracted many attentions and was evaluated by several methods. It is highly desirable to apply suitable remedial methods to reduce the risk of heavy metal contamination in soils. Development of new low-cost, efficient and environmental friendly remediation technologies is the main goal of the recent research activities in environmental science and technology. Using nanotechnology in removal of environmental pollutions is of modern and applicable methods. One of the early generations of nanoscale technologies in the field of environment is the use of iron nanoparticles as a ground for sorption of pollutants. These nanoparticles are nontoxic, inexpensive, and very strong absorbents.The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cadmium removal by soil washing with iron (III) oxide nano particles (Fe3O4), stabilized with Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) as nanofluid, on physicochemical characteristics of nanofluid and soil in two defined systems including batch and continuous flow configurations. For this purpose, after complete removal of Cd from the soil in both systems under the optimized conditions, the effects of removal on the physicochemical characteristics of soil and nanofluid including pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solid were assessed. The results of XRD and SEM of soil samples and also zeta potential and size distribution of nanofluid, before and after the removal were investigated. To ensure the absence of other pollutants and elimination of any interaction between soil pollutants, the soil was prepared with clean standard materials and afterwards it was contaminated with cadmium solution prepared by cadmium nitrate. The optimum conditions for cadmium removal in the batch system was as follows: nanofluid concentration=500 ppm, pH=6.5, contact time=24 hr and the ratio of contaminated soil mass (gr) to nanofluid volume (mL) =1:150 . completely Cd removal in continouse flow configuration obtained in the following conditions: nanofluid concentration=500 ppm, pH=6.5, contact time=24 hr, and the flow rate =0.5 mL/min. Cadmium content in the nanofluid after remediation was determined with UV spectrophotometer by using APDC complexes in Tween 80 media. As per the results of this study, pH of the soil samples in the both batch and continuous flow configuration increased from 7.8 to 8.55 and 8.35 respectively. pH of nanofluid increased from 6.5 to 6.8 in the continuous flow configuration and 7.59 in the batch system. EC and TDS of the nanofluid decreased from 1.66 mS/cm and 1110 mg/L to 1.049 mS/cm and 699 mg/L in the continuous flow configuration and these parameters also reached respectively to 0.952 mS/cm and 635 mg/L in the batch system. Soil washing using Fe3O4 nanoparticle did not changed remarkably EC and TDS of the contaminated soil. Nanoparticles size with highest frequency in nanofluid before removal was 205 nmand after Cd removal reached to 23 nm and 29 nm in the continuous flow configuration and batch system respectively, which was an indication of the sorption of nanoparticles with grater size to the soil during the soil washing process. Zeta potential values of influent and effluent of nanofluid from continuous flow configuration and batch system were -61.5, -51.3, and -37.4 mV respectively. The structural changes of soil samples after removal in the both systems were assessed by XRD and SEM tests which confiremed the sorption of nanoparticles through the soil washing.

Keywords

[1] Niinae; M; Nishigaki; K; Aoki; K; “removal of lead from contaminated soils with chelating agents”; Materials Transactions, 49, 2008, 2377-2382.
[2] Tandy; S; Bossart; K; Mueller; R;, Ritschel; J; Hauser; L; Schulin; R; Nowack; B; “Extraction of heavy metals from soils using biodegradable chelating agents”; Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 2004, 937-944.
[3] Das; P; Samantaray; S; Rout; GR; “Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review”; Environmental Pollution, 98, 1997, 29-36.
[4] Mclaughlin; MJ; Singh; BR; “Cadmium in soils and plants”; Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
[5] Satarug; S; Garrett; SH; Sens; MA; Sens; DA; “Cadmium environmental exposure and health outcomes’; Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 2010, 182-190.
[6] Haghiri; F; “Plant uptake of cadmium as influenced by cation exchange capacity, organic matter, zinc, and soil temperature”; Journal of Environmental Quality, 3, 1974, 180-183.
[7] Gussarsson; M; Asp; H; Adalsteinsson; S; Jensen; P; “Enhancement of cadmium effects on growth and nutrient composition of birch (Betula pendula) by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO)”; Journal of Experimental Botany, 47, 1996, 211-215.
[8] Jarup; L; “Hazards of heavy metal contamination”; British Medical Bulletin, 68, 2003, 167-182.
[9] Karami; H; “Heavy metal removal from water by magnetite nanorods”; Chemical Engineering Journal, 219, 2013, 209–16.
[10] Chen; T; Chang; Q; Clevers; JGPW; Kooistra; L; (2015) “Rapid identification of soil cadmium pollution risk at regional scale based on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy”; Environmental Pollution, 206, 2015, 217-226.
[11] Comba; S; Martin; M; Marchisio; D; Sethi; R; Barberis; E; “Reduction of  nitrate and ammonium adsorption using microscale iron particles and zeolitite”; Water Air and Soil Pollution, 223 (3), 2012, 1079-1089.
[12] Kuhlman; MI; Greenfield; TM; “Simplified soil washing processes for variety of soils”; Journal of Hazardous Materials, 66, 1999, 31-45.
[13] Mann; MJ; “Full-scale and pilot-scale soil washing”; Journal of Hazardous Materials, 66, 1999, 119-136.
[14] Yousefi; T; Yavarpour; S; Mousavi; SH; Davarkhah; R; Mobtaker; HG; “Effective removal of Ce(III) and Pb(II) by new hybrid nano-material: HnPMo12O40@Fe(III)xSn(II)ySn(IV)1−x−y”; Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 98, 2015, 211-220.
[15] Maheshwari; U; Mathesan; B; Gupa; S; “Efficient adsorbent for simultaneous removal of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI): kinetic, thermodynamic and mass transfer  mechanism”; Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 98, 2015, 198-210.
[16] Nekouei; Sh; Nekouei; F; Tyagi; I; Agarwal; S; Kumar Gupta; V; “Mixed cloud point/soil Phase of Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) in water samples using modified-ZnO”;  Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 99, 2016, 175-185.
[17] Semer; R; Reddy; K; “Evaluation of soil washing process to remove mixed contaminants from a sandy loam”; Journal of Hazardous Materials, 45, 1996, 45–57.
[18] Wuana; RA; Okieimen; FE; Imborvungu; JA; “Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using organic chelating acids”; International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7, 2010, 485-496.
[19] Nasiri; J; Gholami; A; Panahpour; E; “Removal of cadmium from soil resources using stabilized zero valent iron nanoparticles”; Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, 3(6), 2013, 338-341.
[20] Mohammed; N; Grishkewich; N; Waeijen; HA; Berry; RM; Tam; KC; “Continuous flow adsorption of methylene blue by cellulose nanocrystal-alginate hydrogel beads in fixed bed columns”; Carbohydrate Polymers, 136 (1), 2016, 194-202.
[21] Liao; MH; Chen; DH; “Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic nanoadsorbent”; Journal of Materials Chemistry, 12, 2002, 3654–9.
[22] Bradl; HB; “Heavy metals in the environment”; Elsevier Academic Press, Germany, 2005.
[23] Watlington; K; “Emerging nanotechnologies for site remediation and wastewater treatment”; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005.
[24] Pradee; T; Anshup; “Noble metal nanoparticles for water purification: a critical review”; Thin Solid Films, 517, 2009, 6441–78.
[25] Bhandari; A; Novak; J.T; Dove; D.C; (2000) “Effect of soil washing on petroleum hydrocarbon distribution on sand surfaces”; Journal of Hazardous Substance Research, 2, 2000, 1-13.
[26] Wang; P; Li; J.S; Wang; H.F; “Engineering properties of heavy metal contaminated soil affected by EDTA washing”; Journal of EJGE, 18, 2013, 3909-3918
[27] Hu; J; Chen; G; Lo; IMC; (2005) “Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater by maghemite nanoparticles”; Water Research, 39(18), 2005, 4528–36.
[28] Huang; SH; Chen; DH; “Rapid removal of heavy metal cations and anions from aqueous solutions by an amino-functionalized magnetic nano-adsorbent”; Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163 (1), 2009, 174–9.
[29] Heidari; A; Younesi; H; Mehraban; Z; “Removal of Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) from a ternary aqueous solution by amino functionalized mesoporous and nanomesoporous silica”; Chemical Engineering Journal, 153, 2009, 70-79.
[30] Mobasherpour; I; Salahi; E; Pazouki; M; “Removal of divalent cadmium cations by means of synthetic nanocrystallite hydroxyapatite”; Desalination, 266, 2011, 142–8.
[31] Irani; M; Keshtkarb; AR; Moosavian; MA; “Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution using mesoporous PVA/TEOS/APTES composite nanofiber prepared by sol–gel/electrospinning”; Chemical Engineering Journal, 200–202, 2012, 192–201.
[32] Karami; H; “Heavy metal removal from water by magnetite nanorods”; Chemical Engineering Journal, 219, 2013, 209–16.
[33] Golzar; M; Saghravani; SF; Dahrazma; B; “Experimental study and numerical solution of ironoxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) stabilized by poly acrylic acide in a one-dimentional porous media”; National Conference of Environmental Research, Hamedan, 2013 (In Persian).
[34] Mohamadiun; M; Dahrazma; B; Saghravani; SF; Khodadadi D; A;” Optimization of cadmium removal from contaminated soil using iron (III) oxide nanoparticles”; International Conference of Environmental Science & Technology, Tehran, 2015 (In Persian).
 
 [35] Lee; SK; Choi; HS; “Spectrophotometric determination of cadmium and copper with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate in nonionic tween 80 micellar media; Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 22 (5), 2001, 463-466.
[36] Clark; j.S.; “An examination of the pH of calcareous Soils; Soil Science, 98, 1964, 145-151.
[37] Morad deh; S; Gharaylu; D; “Zeta potential theory  and zetasizer (DLS) operating process for zeta potential measurement”; Kefa nanotechnology laboratory, Pardis science & Technology Park (In Persian).
 [38] Nur Aini; I; Erzin; MH; Aimrun; W; “Relationship between soil apparent electrical conductivity and pH value of jawa series in oil palm plantation”; Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 2, 2014, 199-206.
[39] Walton; NRG; “Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids-what is their precise relationship”; Desalination, 72, 1989, 275-292.
[40] Thirumalini; S; Joseph; K; “Correlation between electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids and natural waters”; Malaysian Journal of Science, 28 (1), 2009, 55-61.
 
Modares Civil Engineering journal
Volume 17, Issue 4
November and December 2017
Pages 199-212