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Today, the news media has a momentous role in shaping public opinion and social developments. Journalistic translation thus follows guidelines and standards in order to convey the message and objectives of its source material. The translation of the political press discourse surrounding the US and international sanctions on Iran is particularly sensitive, due to its high potential in impacting international relations and political affairs.
The objective of our research is to highlight the importance of methodologies used for the translation of political press discourse. For this purpose, we have analyzed two important news articles related to the aforementioned sanctions. First, we conduct a critical analysis of the political discourse, based on Van Dijk's model, and then we perform a translational analysis, based on Antoine Berman's views. Finally, we explore the different types of modifications made by translators, as well as the efforts made to adapt the news to the media’s political ideology. In line with Van Dijk's opinions, we have shown that there is a close relationship between the ruling policy (power) and the press discourse (media), in shaping the public perception of policies and events at mass scale. We demonstrate how subtle deletion, change, and intensification is strategically used in jo urnalistic translation, in line with their desired discourse functions to achieve political goals.
 

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In this paper it is argued that the idea of “from socio-political to supported by Habermas has raised much theoretical and practical challenges. One of these challenges concerns with Habermasian trilogy of between facts and norms, communicative action, and discursive ethics. In the present paper the author, instead of liberal law-ethics theories, has concentrated on discursive law-democracy theory as an alternative to the first ones. To support this argument the writer has attempted to show and explain both the normative analytical merits of the chosen and supported theory and its limitations.ethical-legal

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Antoine Berman is one of the source text oriented theorists in translation. He interprets the inhomogenous cases between translation and the original text as the text deformation system and founds this system based on “deforming tendencies” theory. As a translator and a theoretician, he pays a particular attention to the source language text and he believes that the translator should be bound and loyal to the source text, both from content and form points of view. In the present study, it has been tried to survey Nahj al-Balagha translation by Shahidi based on four text deformation signifiers from Antoine Berman’s point of view which include rationalization, clarification, explication, and decoration. The study findings indicate that the translation by Shahidi can be regarded as a source-oriented one which has been less subjected to text-defrormation factors and it seems that being source-oriented is necessary in religious contexts which are not of various and different readings and Shahidi has been considerate of the Imam’s (peace be upon him) literary speech besides transferring the concepts accurately and correctly, and his translation is also duly bound from this perspective.

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Nietzsche, a German philosopher, became familiar with Hafez through Goethe’s texts. Hafez is is against a Hypocrite ascetic and Nietzsche against his contemporary human or dwarfs. Therefore, these two thinkers deal with the criticism of these kinds of men. Besides, Hafez introduces Moghan preceptor and world of love in front of preacher and loveless world, and Nietzsche presents the world of small men against grand men. The language of Hafez and Nietzsche both is paradoxical and humorous for representing such thought. This article studies the deep effect of men who through their liberty can save the life of people who have no alternative in their lives and guide them to the destination of the love of eternity. What is important in Hafez’s poetry and Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra is that their contemporary people accepted some values that metamorphosize human being. In Hafe’s, these values convert to something against themselves and produce hypocritical men, and from the view of Nietzsche’, the modern human being has cast into democracy and modernity.

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The public sphere is place for discussion and criticism of powers that Habermas, for first times has introduced theoretically and connected its history the to European saloons and coffee houses.  This notion that the formation of the public sphere is special to the West does not look quite right because there was the same experience in the Safavid period. However the main point is that the continuation of the trend in the West and Iran is varied historically, politically and socially. This historical and descriptive-analytical study would attempt to prove that the West's public sphere or criticism of power started in the royal court and then spread to the community, but in contrast to the West, criticism of power and dialogue on general issues in Iran Were especially formed in coffee houses and later transferred to the royal court. Coinciding with the Safavid rule power, the religion (Shiism) could be the official state religion and spread in different ways, such as by Shi'ite ceremonies and rituals as a form of public discussion and criticism. Thus the public sphere from Safavid Iran to the Pahlavi had religious and public from which found a political and religious public from since 1960s.

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The gall midges, Janetiella convolvuli Mirumyan & Skuhravá, 2017 and Orseolia cynodontis Kieffer & Massalongo, 1902 are discovered in Iran for the first time based on adult specimens reared from galls on Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon (Poaceae), respectively. The galls of J. convolvuli and O. cynodontis were previously recorded only in Armenia and European/African sections of the western part of the Palaearctic region, respectively. Some relevant diagnostic characters, photographs, ecological and biological notes, and distributional data for the newly recorded species are provided.

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In this paper, the experimental results of 12 combined bridge pier models to reduce the maximum scour depth in clear-water condition have been presented. Experimental models are classified in four groups, namely: 1) berm and semi-conical piers, 2) combination of berm and semi-conical piers with variable diameter in the bed, 3) combination of berm and semi-conical piers with constant diameter in the bed, and 4) combination of third group with trapezoidal centered slot. In this regard, 12 laboratory piers models have been examined in a flume of 12m long, 1m wide and 0.85m deep. At first, for the reference cylindrical pier model, the experiments have been carried out for 48 hours and it has been shown that the time of 24~35 hours is usually sufficient to reach the equilibrium condition. At the beginning of the each test, the time interval to get the scour depth was chosen very short (e.g. every ten minutes), but this interval increased gradually with continuing the experiment so that at the end of experiment it was 1 hrs. Firstly, significant decrease (up to 46 percent) in scour depth was observed for berm pier with respect to the cylindrical reference pier. This reduction was also observed for semi-conical pier, however, it was much lower than that of the berm pier. For the second group, the semi-conical combined pier with side slope angle of 2 degrees of model piers had the least bed erosion in comparison to that of the other two groups. For this model, the width of the berm is larger and diameter of the pier is smaller in bed level. Scour depth is then increased in comparison to that of the berm pier model in this group but it is decreased when compared with that of the cylindrical reference pier. Very slight decrease has been observed in the scour depth for the third group model piers by keeping the pier diameter constant in the bed. Hence, increasing the pier diameter in the bed level has intensified the bed erosion in the semi-conical combined piers. Finally, applying slot in the combined piers of third group was ineffective in increasing the protective role of model piers for the fourth group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of berm model pier in decreasing scour depth was much more than the other countermeasures for the piers and their combinations. Then it was found that the different countermeasures for the bed erosion could not have positive influence on decreasing the scour depth for all the cases and a combined model of them may be less effective against scour process than a single countermeasure. The comparison of maximum scour depth has been conducted for all models with relative to those of the cylindrical reference and berm piers.

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The translation of Molana's books as a one of the greatest literary works of Persian literature is considerable with the modern theories of translation's skills, structurally and contently. Antoine Berman with his theory "Endances eformantes" (deconstruction tendencies), emphasized on the importance of the others and underscored the main text and he believed that the translators must be respect the first text and be faithful toward it.  In this paper, we examine the Arabic translation of Diwan Shams by Ibrahim Al- Dosooghi Shatta, with using the seven parameters of Berman's theory: Rationalization, Clarification, Ennoblement, Glorification, and the Destruction of underlying Networks of Signification, Quantitative and Qualitative impoverishment. The conclusion shows that the main reasons of deviation in Arabic translation from Diwan Shams of Molana belongs to:  translator's lack of acquaintance to Persian language, the grammatical and lexical differences between Arabic and Persian and naturally it is resulting from the unconformity of culture, civilization, and tradition of these two nations.
 
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Turfgrasses are usually important groundcover plants in many landscapes. They occupy the lowest surface of the landscape, close to pollutant particles. So, they can be an attractive option for environmental remediation. Today, high concentrations of hazardous chemicals such as lead are among the most serious environmental problems. In vitro selection of turfgrass accumulator or tolerant of toxic ions may lead to production of plants that have better adaption to polluted sites. This study was undertaken to investigate the tolerance or accumulation potential in Bermuda grass to high concentrations of lead under tissue culture condition and identifying differences at the molecular level among accumulators by RAPD markers. Callus that were used for in vitro selection were exposed to different concentrations of lead in the media. After the first mowing, tolerant plantlets were evaluated for lead accumulation potential. All plants of Bermuda grass originating mainly from regeneration pathways had undergone genetic changes. The results revealed that occurrence of somaclonal variation via somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis of Bermuda grass culture with a frequency of 33%. Although some in vitro derived plants showed increase in uptake potential of lead in their shoots (2 times higher Pb extraction), there were some regenerates with decreased lead accumulation in shoot, and some varieties without any changes in lead uptake properties in comparison to the control. Molecular marker could be efficient in determining the genetic changes induced by somaclonal variation. The improvement of lead accumulation in lead extraction varieties indicated a successful mutation in Bermuda grass for breeding traits such as phytoremediation purpose.

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The pressure distribution resulting from the wave interaction in the horizontally caisson breakwater is one of the important parameters in the design of this breakwater. Due to the significant impact of this parameter, the use of composite berm breakwater has been investigated to improve the performance and reduce the forces applied to the structure .In this study, numerical modeling of pressure on composite berm breakwater and its comparison with horizontally caisson breakwater has been investigated by numerical model of FLOW-3D. In composite berm breakwater, compared with the horizontally caisson breakwater at P1 (the maximum pressure applied to the caisson at the surface of the water), the amount of achieved pressure showed the reduction of 52.09% and at P2 (maximum pressure in the caisson crest), the achieved pressure showed 63/07 % decrease. Also in P3 (maximum pressure in caisson toe), the pressure was reduced by 76.09%, and in Pu (uplift pressure under caisson), this value indicates a decrease of 53.92%.

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Reshaping berm breakwaters has a large berm above still water level (SWL) and their seaward profile is reshaped under wave attack. When a quarry is available near the construction site but it is not possible to produce a sufficient quantity of large armore stones for a conventional rubble mound breakwater, a berm breakwater is a feasible solution. According to the conditions of the rock quarries in the coastal regions of Iran, it is difficult to produce large armor stone from them. Thus, the concept of berm breakwater has attracted engineers to develop design and construction of this type breakwater in many projects in Iran.Berm breakwater are normally constructed with only two layers. Due quarry yield of rock quarries, not only producing large armor stone is difficult, but also quarry runs - which are used for core layer - have very small size. So, application of a secondary or filter layer is necessary for using such small size materials as core layer. Thus, most of the Iranian berm breakwaters have been designed and constructed with three layers. The present study aims to investigate the necessity for of filter layer to be applied in reshaping berm breakwater by considering the influence of sea states and structural parameters on the erosion of the core layer materials that includes the number of waves, waves height and period waves, water depth, the gradation coefficient of filter layer and the berm width. In this regard, experimental studies were carried out on two layers and three layers breakwaters under irregular waves with JONSWAP wave energy spectrum. Results showed that a wide berm width can preclude erosion of core material under design wave condition. Hence, berm breakwaters can be constructed without filter layer by using an optimized berm width to protect core materials against erosion. A dimensionless parameter is proposed to evaluate the threshold for eliminating filter layer of core materials in berm breakwaters. Considering the aforementioned conditions for optimum berm width and sea state and structural conditions of the present study, required berm width of a two-layered berm breakwater can be calculated using formula of Shekari and Shafieefar (2013) for recession plus at least 4 times of stone diameter. Due to difficulties of implementing a filter layer, selecting the optimized berm width and removing the filter layer can be very effective in reducing the cost and execution time of this type of structure. Filter is a layer in penetrable structures (mostly in coastal and slope protection structures) that precludes erosion of materials due to waves and currents without increasing pore water pressure in materials of lower layers. Filter, in a sense, may contain granular materials, geotextiles, or a combination of geotextiles and granular materials. Further, filters have different applications including prevention of erosion in core's materials which is due to the negative pressure fluctuations and movement of fluid through the structure, reduction of hydrodynamics loadings on outer stone layers, and drainage. Filters are categorized into three types based on their resistance to erosion of bed materials in shore or slope protection structures: Geometrically tight filters, Stable with geometrically open filters and Unstable open filters.

 

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Porous breakwater structures are widely used as protection against waves for ports and harbors as well as for general coastal protection. Often the breakwater structure is designed as a porous structure that allows water to flow through the structure while the wave energy is removed. These structures prevent coastal erosion and ensure safe and functioning harbors. As such, it is of high importance that these structures remain stable under extreme wave action. On the other hand, regarding the high complexity of wave interaction with porous structures, it is required to provide a rich understanding and conduct fundamental studies on the mechanism of rubble mound breakwaters subjected to incident waves. The existing literature review on wave interaction with rubble mound breakwaters reveals two mechanisms inside the porous media of such structures and outside the structure on the armor layer. Both could make destructive forces affecting the structure’s stability. In the present study, the stability of the multi-layer berm breakwater has been studied by considering the effect of run-up/run-down flow on the armor layer of a breakwater and, consequently, the flow inside the porous media as it gets filled and empty during wave run-up and run-down. Both numerical and experimental methods are used to investigate the flow inside and outside the multi-layer berm breakwater. Validation of numerical results is conducted through the use of experimental results, including the water level fluctuation outside the structure and also the water pressure variations inside the breakwater. The Flow-3D software has been used to simulate and solve the governing equations on the flow. FLOW-3D numerically integrates RANS (Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes) equations using the Volume of- Fluid (VOF) method to track the free surface. It has been thoroughly tested for coastal hydrodynamics problems. Various turbulence models are available, and the results presented here are based on the RNG turbulence model. The time series of pressure variation in the porous media indicates that as the flow infiltrates, the created pressure damping and also its variation at a constant elevation have been significantly decreased due to energy dissipation during the infiltration. Moreover, at the maximum run-down and exfiltration process, the created flow from inside to outside would be approximately perpendicular to the structure’s slope at about the maximum run-down elevation. Results reveal that the pressure gradient due to changes in the flow field of porous media would lead to a pressure force toward the outside during the run-down and a pressure force toward the inside during the run-up. It has been found that the positive pressure gradient force toward outside during the run-down and also the perpendicular force of flow during the exfiltration occurred simultaneously and acted as an active force to destabilize the stones. More to the destabilizing mechanism of stones, the effect of flows occurred during the run-up, and run-down on the armor layer have been investigated using the recorded images during the experimental tests.

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Coastal areas are among the most densely populated and developed regions globally. This is owing to high economic opportunities, maritime trade access, and a thriving tourism industry. These regions represent vulnerable environments facing threats such as storms and rising sea levels, predominantly stemming from human activities. Erosion stands out as one of the most pressing threats to these regions. It is crucial to continuously monitor these areas, record changes in beach profiles and shoreline alterations, and control erosion. There are various databases worldwide are actively recording Morphodynamic and hydrodynamic data and monitoring shorelines. Locations such as Narrabeen, San Diego, and others are subsets of these databases. This research looks into changes in the shoreline and coastal berm under non-storm conditions, employing machine learning algorithms to evaluate these phenomena in the Narrabeen coastal region of Australia. The Narrabeen-Collaroy embayment, spanning 3.6 kilometers, is located on the northern shores of Sydney. In areas like Narrabeen-Collaroy, energy gradients vary along the coast due to curvature. The northern region has Moderate Dissipative Energy conditions, but moving towards the south, the conditions change to moderate reflective energy because of decreased energy. Narrabeen-Collaroy is among the most crucial databases in coastal engineering. Field data from the nearshore and coastal strip have been collected in this database from 1976 to 2019. Therefore, data related to storm profiles have not been considered (a condition that requires at least one profile to remain in each month). Based on this criterion, out of the 960 recorded profiles, 73 profiles were identified in severe storm conditions. Eventually, 887 profiles from 2006 to 2019 have been scrutinized. Initially, variations in the shoreline were investigated, focusing on the continuous area consistently interacting with waves. This region can play a significant role in evaluating the performance of models and algorithms. Following that, the geometric changes of the coastal berm, situated within the Shoreface zone, were investigated and analyzed. In this research, wrapper backward future selection algorithm has been used to filter the effective parameters consist of hydrodynamics and Morphodynamic. Also, the objective functions include shoreline changes, variations in berm crest elevation, and the horizontal position of the berm crest. In this step the parameters that has been identified from wrapper backward future selection algorithm, a feed-forward neural network algorithm was employed to predict the objective functions in the final stage. The values obtained from the neural network model for each of the three objective functions demonstrated an appropriate arrangement of parameters. When predicting shoreline changes in scenario DS4, the inclusion of the wave-breaking index parameter led to more logical and acceptable outcomes compared to scenario DTS3 and the resulting R2 is 92% with an RMSE of 3.03 meters. Predicting variations of the berm crest elevation in scenario DY4 illustrates acceptable results: R2 of 75% and RMSE of 0.35 meters. Furthermore, predicting the horizontal position of the berm crest in scenario DX7 shows that the wave-breaking index parameter, improved results compared to scenario DX6 and the final results indicate an R2 of 85.80% and an RMSE of 9.28 meters. To validate the obtained results, the differences in error between the objective function values and output data indicate that the selected scenarios predict data with minimal error. According to the results, it is crucial to accurately identify the relevant hydrodynamic and Morphodynamic parameters and correctly extracted them to achieve more precise predictions. Moreover, the results indicate that the neural network algorithm can accurately predict changes in beach morphology.