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Classic literary texts are of special cultural importance. Although Persian speakers still can read and understand these old texts after hundreds of years, for the younger generation and recent Persian learner is hardly possible due to lexical and slightly syntactic changes. Therefore, many of these texts have been simplified for children and even adults. This research tries to compare some stories of Kelile and Demne with their simplified versions to examine the changes of the literary text through the process of simplification, and at the same time, to extract patterns of simplification. The reason for picking up Kelile and Demne is that on the one hand, it is one of the technical and ornate literary texts in Persian, and on the other hand, it is recurrently simplified. In this research, changes have been classified in four levels of morphology, syntax, lexicon and text. As result, three different approaches to the mechanism of simplification of old literary texts of Persian were observed:

1.  The tendency to keep both the content and the form of the original text
2.  The tendency to keep the content unchanged, but manipulate the form of the original text
3.  The tendency to manipulate both the content and the form of the original text

Thus, the form has been always under change. The maipulations can be grouped into four levels of lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual changes.
 1. Introduction
Classic literary texts are of special cultural importance. Many Persian speakers still can read and understand old texts after almost a millennium; this is due to a peculiar feature of Persian language used to be the official or cultural lingua franca in a vast area from India to the eastern borders of nowadays Europe throughout those days. However, the younger generation has a hard task to decipher some old texts largely due to lexical and slightly due to syntactic changes. Therefore, a considerable number of old texts are increasingly being simplified for children and even adults.
Simplification is inevitable; but literary texts need to be conserved as well. This study helps us uncover almost unconscious mechanisms used to simplify prominent texts, while reserving at least parts of its outstanding aesthetic peculiarities. Having this in mind, this study tries to find and categorize mechanisms used by simplifiers of Persian Kelile and Demne as a prominent literary text of 13th century in modern times. 
 

2.  Literature Review

There are regulations introduced by authorities such as Kānoon-e Parvaresh-e Fekri-e Koodakān va Nojavānān (Center for the Intellectual Development of Child and Adolescent) and some private publishers. But they are based on individual experiences rather than researches. One important source dealing with the process of simplification in Persian is Payvar (2009). The inspirational source to this study, however, was Crossley, Allen & McNamara (2011).
Bahar (1951) divides Persian prose into four stylistic eras:
a) Early modern Persian texts from 11th to 12th centuries;
b) Ornate literary style with plenty of Arabic loanwords from 13th to 15th centuries starting with Kelile and Demne;
c) The era of decline from 13th to 18th centuries; and
d) Recursion style from 19th centuries onward.
As it might be expected, the ornate texts of the second era are the most problematic texts to understand, including Kelile and Demne.
 

3.  Methodology

Due to this fact, this research tries to compare some stories of Kelile and Demne with their simplified versions to examine how literary texts changes through the process of simplification. Consequently, it tries to extract patterns of simplification. The reason for picking up Kelile and Demne is that on the one hand, it is one of the most technical and ornate literary texts in Persian, and on the other hand, it is recurrently simplified. It is also translated into many different languages.
Three different approaches to the mechanism of simplification of Kelile and Demne were spotted:

1. The tendency to keep both the content and the form of the original text;
2. The tendency to keep the content unchanged, but manipulate the form of the original text;
3. The tendency to manipulate both the content and the form of the original text.

 

4.  Results and Discussion

As it is obvious in all approaches, the form always changes.
    The most important manipulations found in the simplified versions are summed up under four different levels of lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual changes, as follows:

1. Lexical manipulation:

1.1. Persianization
1.2. Modernization
1.3. Omission of the preverbal particle "bar"

2. Morphological manipulation:

2.1. Addition of the prefix "be-" in subjunctive mood
2.2. Change of "be-” to "mi-" in verbs in present tense
2.3. Omission of the initial prefix of "be-" the final suffix of "-i" from verbs of present tense
2.4. Change of the passive verbs with "āmad" (literally s/he came) into the modern passive verbs with "shodan" (literally s/he became)
2.5. Change of nonfinite verbs into finite ones
2.6. Omission of the so-called decorative prefix "be-" from verbs of past tense
2.7. Change of derivational suffixes

3. Syntactic manipulation:

3.1. Harmony of verbal tenses
3.2. Change of the word order of adjective + noun into noun + adjective
3.3. Change of simple sentences into complex ones
3.4. Maintaining word order in sentence level
3.5. Omission of conditional constructions

4. Textual manipulation:

4.1. Change of fictional macro-structure of "story within story"
4.2. Change of fictional elements
4.3. Textual shortening
4.4. Textual lengthening
4.5. Substitution of idioms
4.6. Change of the story beginning
4.7. Omission of many figures of speech such as rhyming, symmetry, and rhythm
4.8. Repetition of verbs instead of ellipsis
4.9. Omission of synonyms
4.10. Modernization of orthography.
 

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Numerical Investigation of the number of baffles effect on the efficiency of primary sedimentation tank in true dimensions.
Settling tanks of wastewater treatment plants are the most important components so that about one-third of the cost of a wastewater treatment plant construction is concerned to these tanks. In addition, the regulations referred to design of settling tanks are not enough. According to these, the adverse factors in settling tanks is very important to design and improve their performance. These factors in primary sedimentation tanks are including circulation zones, the phenomenon of short circuiting and non-uniform flow. One of the most important ways to improve flow conditions and increase the efficiency of settling tanks, is modifying the geometry of the tank through the installation of baffles. In this investigation, the effect of baffle structures on the hydraulic efficiency of primary sedimentation tanks has been investigated by three-dimensional numerical modeling in Flow-3D software. In this study, the optimum number of baffles is studied to increase hydraulic efficiency. Settling tank in true size and simplified model primary settling tank treatment plant south of Tehran. The geometry Specifications of tank include of length tank (L) from the main inlet to the overflow output of 60 m, a width of tank (W) 12.9 m, water depth in normal mode (H) 3 m. the input flow rate to the tank 650 l/s. Model geometry using AutoCAD software and three-dimensional shape is drawn. In this study, from three mesh blocks to mesh geometry model is used. All three of these blocks in all directions are fully in touch with and the type of are linked blocks. Intended for three blocks, the size of the mesh is selected respectively, 5, 7 and 10 cm monotonically in each direction. In numerical modeling, the turbulence model used to solve turbulent flow and to solve pressure the GMRES method is used. In addition, the VOF technique to show the behavior of fluid on free surface flow and FAVOR technique have been used to simulate surfaces and geometric boundaries. Verification of numerical simulation results with former experimental data properly acknowledges the numerical results. It is already known the optimal location of the first baffle.
The results show that baffle causes the uniformity flow and increase removal efficiency of the primary sedimentation tanks. To determine the optimum number of baffles, the comparison results between no baffle tank and optimized cases with one, two and three baffle done. Using more baffles, in ideal conditions, causes suppression of the jet flow and more chances the suspended particles deposition. The addition of new baffles in suitable locations reduces the maximum velocity amount, the size of the circulation zones and kinetic energy and create uniform velocity vectors inside the settling zone. Volume circulation zones by using one, two and three baffles compared to non-baffle decreased 4.18, 4.44 and 4.56% of the total tank volume, respectively. Finally, the results of the FTC method for several cases indicated that using number of baffles lead to increasing the performance of the sedimentation tanks.