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Syntagmatic and paradigmatic structures, as it was already reiterated by linguists such as Roman Jakobson, constitute the fundamental structure of language. Thus it is possible that semantic components of a word are found, the relations of syntagmatic and paradigmatic words with it are studied, and finally, the functions of that word in language are determined in a wide scale. In this method, first, sytamatic and paradigmatic words, which are considered to be the semantics components of the word, are found, and then their common semantic components are analyzed. The term “Haq”, which is repeated 290 times, is one of the most significant Quranic terms. Haq and its syntagms and substitutions (rasu:l, din, bātil, hudā, sidq, bayyināt) are the basis of its analysis. In addition to Arabic language, this term has also got a variety of applications in its Quranic veriety. For instance, God says that He and all His effects in the world such as creation, sending the Messengers, the revelation, good tidings and threats are “Haq”.

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 In cognitive linguisics, the concept of perspective has an essential role to construe scenes. How to construe each scene is dependant upon what  perspective a speaker and viewer of that scene have adopted towards it. This is why there are different utterances in language to express the same subject from different perspective. In other words, different speakers conceptualiz them different linguistically because different viewers conceptualize each scene differently. On the other hand, perspective has a determining role in narrative. It is worth mentioning that perspective includes some factors such as viewpoint, vantage point, orientation, figure and ground, subjectivity and objectivity and deixis, which in this research four of them have been taken into account. In this paper, the goal is to study the concept of perspective in three narrational categories of story and adopted filmscript and the film from the viewpoint of cognitive linguistics based on the theories of three outstanding cognitive linguists: Langacker, Talmy and Stockwell. The results showed an interaction among these three categories. The findings also proved that linguistic aspect is a dominant factor of perspective in story. It was also shown that the perspective is not a constant phenomenon, rather it might change through  onfolding events in the story.   

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Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is one of the most destructive disease. Conventional methods of disease control using fungicides may develop new problems. Therefore, understanding molecular mechanisms of plant–pathogen interaction is necessary to adopt effective approaches for managing the disease. Here for the first time, by using bioinformatics tools and RT-PCR analysis and sequencing confirmed the presence of a Magnaporthe oryzae Avr-pita gene orthologous sequence designated as Rhiz-pita1 gene in three different geographic isolates of R. solani AG1- IA( A2,R1 and T2) genome. SignalP program predicted a secretion signal upstream of Rhiz-pita1 gene. Nucleotide sequences of 5' region of Rhiz-pita1 gene from geographical isolates showed 99% identity in exons and 100% in introns which are characteristics of fast evolving effector proteins. Also, 98% homology between Rhiz-pita and M.oryza-pita1gene suggests that Rhiz-pita encodes an effector protein. Howevere, more researchs are necessary to confirm of this suggestion. Keywords: Rhizoctonia solani, signal peptide Rice blast , Effector

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The study of the unit of text and textual arrangement, especially from communicative viewpoint, is of high importance, but in comparison to units of sentence and the smaller ones is rarely studied. Thus, this paper explores this subject, studying a linguistic genre. We, therefore, examine notes written by Kermanshahi Azad university students at the end of their exam papers, called “begging note”, to get a better score. The sample included 25 students’ notes written by University students, and 25 students’ notes of sophomore and junior boys’ high-schoolers in their exam papers. Thus, description of patterns of the begging notes according to textual arrangements of gāms (moves) and gāmaks (steps) were analyzed. The aim was to find different patterns of moves and steps arrangement (sub-moves) in the notes, based on Biber, Connor and Upton idea’s (2007) and Sasani and Yazdani (1392); particularly, the notes were divided into different moves to show maximum and minimum moves. Data analysis revealed that the notes had 4 moves: opening, request, reason, and ending. Move arrangements were compared in two groups. In short, it was found that both groups had the maximal 4-move arrangement, and the minimal 2-move arrangement, but the frequency use of moves in each group was different, as in the high-schoolers’ group, and "request"’ move had the most frequency and in university students "ending" move had the least one. The pattern study of moves, 4-move discrete arrangement was the most used pattern, and also 2-move arrangement was the least used in the two groups.

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Aims: Acinetobacter baumannii could develop resistance through different mechanisms, leading to the emergence of strains resistant to all commercially accessible antibiotics. This research aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern and the prevalence of genes encoding quinolone resistance in quinolone-resistant isolates.
Methods: In this study, 114 A. baumannii strains were isolated from patients admitted to a teaching hospital in Kashan, during 2013-2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion breakpoint assay. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to identify quinolone resistance encoding genes (gyrA and parC).
Findings: All A. baumannii strains showed resistance to piperacillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime, and all of them were susceptible to colistin and polymyxin B. In addition, 100% of A. baumannii strains were MDR (Multi-drug resistance), and 68.4% (78 isolates) of them were XDR (Extensively-drug resistant), while none of them were PDR (Pan-drug resistant). All A. baumannii strains isolated in this study were positive for the presence of parC and gyrA genes.
Conclusion: MDR A. baumannii strains were highly prevalent among hospitalized patients in this study. Based on these comes about, novel prevention and treatment procedures against A. baumannii infections are justified. Moreover, these information may help in reexamining treatment rules and territorial arrangements in care units to moderate the rise of antimicrobial resistance.
 

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It is commonly thought that when a work goes through retranslation process, the latest ones are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the text. However, it is not always the case, at least in Iran.  The book market of Iran is replete with retranslated versions of classic works most of which are not genuine translation but plagiarized version of previous translations. One famous example is George Orwell’s Animal Farm which has been translated into Persian more than 70 times by different translators since 1348. Regarding this issue, the present study attempts to investigate four Persian translations of Animal Farm based on forensic linguistics framework. The main goal of the present research is to demonstrate the patterns of plagiarism detection between different versions of translations of the same original piece of work based on textual similarities and differences. The project primarily centers on this question: what linguistic criteria are determinant in detecting plagiarism in translated texts? For our analysis, the data of the present research has been elicited from four Persian translations of this novel chosen by a time-lapse of 20 years between translations. Data were analyzed based on plagiarism detection patterns introduced by Turell (2004). The results of the study revealed a case of plagiarism among investigated translations. Disputed text overlaps 73.5% and 42.6% with plagiarized text in terms of vocabulary and phrasal similarity, respectively. In terms of unique vocabulary, they show the proportion of 17.6% to 15.16%. The disputed and plagiarized texts also have 35 shared-once only words and 22 shared-once only phrases. The article concludes that the proposed quantitative criteria of Turell’s model perform well in plagiarism detection which replicates the results of previous studies. We believe that science society of Iran must pay more attention to plagiarism in order to find a solution to suppress publication and proliferation of the plagiarized texts.
 

 
 
 
 
 

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This research is an attempt to represent the enemy in a woman's self-portrait memoirs about Iraq’s war against Iran. Years after, those who were involved in the war have an image of an enemy which is different from the mental and cultural boundaries of those who didn’t experience war. Besides, the point of view of a woman gives a different image of the enemy. Therefore, to depict the representation of this enemy, the book "I Am Alive" by "Masoumeh Abad" was selected. This book is written directly by the person who was engaged in war and the text is not influenced by any possible chronologist or diarist helping writing the text; hence, it is considered a direct and firsthand text. By applying Lotman’s cultural semiotic theory, Echo’s theory of inventing enemy and the semiotic square of Greimas the text was analyzed. Study of the text showed that polarization, delineation and making an ideological enemy has been used to represent the enemy. The form of the enemy and the amount of hostility in this text are not fixed. The writer allocates different degrees of hostility to enemies, and we see a continuum of enemy. In some cases, as circumstances require, such as the perceived danger or helplessness, enemy is considered an insider.
1. Introduction
The Iraq-Iran’s war is the longest conventional war of the twentieth century, beginning with Iraq's invasion of Iran and lasting eight years. In the Pahlavi era, governments differed greatly over borders and water resources, and relations were very strained. With the conclusion of the, however, after the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Saddam Hussein, who was at the head of the ruling Ba'ath party, unilaterally terminated the 1975 Algiers agreement and launched a large-scale attack against Iran on September 22, 1980. It was a war between two neighboring countries in which the people of both lands shared religious affiliations. For this reason, the effects of this war on the lives of the people were profound and unforgettable, especially ideologically it was unbelievable for them to deal with an enemy of the same religion was unbelievable to them.
Decades after the war, those involved in the war still have an image of the enemy that differs from the mental and cultural boundaries of those who have not experienced war. On the other hand, the way a woman conceptualizes the enemy gives a different picture of it. So, we aim to answer these questions, how enemy is formed from a woman's point of view? What mechanisms are used to represent the enemy? And does the enemy have a fixed meaning?
2. Literature Review
War memoir is one of the most common methods of recording events, both during and after the war. For this reason, many works related to the Iraq-Iran war have been written in the form of memoirs. In this regard, Kazemi (2015), Salimi-Nejad (2014), Faizi Sho’ar (2014), Mo’men Abadi (2014), Gholam Hosseinzadeh (2013), Tadi Bani (2011), Qaisari (2011), Ilkhan (1388) and Irvani (1386) in their master’s theses have studied some memories about Iraq-Iran’s war. Sasani (2005, 2008) has also collected and translated a collection of articles related to war as a socio-cultural phenomenon from various foreign authors. Numerous studies have been done in connection with the theory of cultural semiotics, including Lotman (1990, 1984), Posner (2004), Echo (2012), Sonesson (2000, 2001, 2004) and Pakatachi (2004). )
3. Methodology
This is a descriptive-analysis case study research. In order to answer the questions of this research, data were collected from first hand documents about war. The first hand document is a written piece which is written by the same person who was involved in the events of the memoirs directly and is not affected by the thoughts and opinions of those who write else’s memoirs. Also the gender and locality variables were considered. Therefore the book I am alive by Masoumeh Abad was selected. The author, Masoumeh Abad, is a young lady from Abadan and a native of the war zone. She was a captive for four years in Iraqi camps and has written a book about the memoirs of her captivity. In this study, Lotman semiosphere model, Eco inventing enemy theory, and Greimas semiotic-square model have been used to examine the data.
                                                                    4. Results
The concept of "other" has always played an fundamental role in one’s identity recognition. Whether it is a living thing or an object or a natural force. If someone feels any threat or danger from this "other", immediately recognizes him as an enemy and attributes the maximum of malice and hostility to him. In this way, the person gets the maximum distance from the "other"  and is prepared to face the possible danger from the enemy. By applying semiotic tools and echo theory, we found that the author of book I am Alive uses polarization and imagery processes to describe the enemy. She creates an ideological enemy for herself and the audience, which has the highest level of malice, and by using inter textual references to the events of the beginning of Islam, especially the Ashura incident, places the enemy in the lowest possible ideological position. The image of this enemy is completely black and has a polar nature. On the other hand, we see that the enemy in this work is not only formulated on the basis of dualism and polar binaries, but is seen as a continuous conceptual entity. Some characters have less enmity and hostility than others. . Sometimes the author raises the farthest enemies to the nearest insiders as needed to avoid potential danger The feature of continuity in representing enemy was explained via presented model which was inspired by Greimas semiotic-square
 
 
Figure 3
Continuum of the concept of the enemy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As you can see the concept of enemy can glide from the left side of axis to the right side and get close to the concept of friend. Vice versa a friend can move to the left, lose its features of being a friend and become an enemy
 
6. Conclusion
It can be said that the concept of enemy is a floating, unstable and graded concept. The word enemy is an empty container in which anyone or anything with different grades can be placed in different situations.
 
 

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In this paper, the finite element code (ABAQUS) is used to present numerical modeling of strike-slip North Tabriz fault. To investigate the frictional behavior of fault the slip weakening law is assigned to the fault. This law is based on stick- slip instability mechanism. Fault modeling has been done in three-dimensional using ABAQUS software. The model involves a vertical strike-slip planar fault that resides in elastic crust. In this model only the upper solid part of With this analysis, verification of the constitutive relation of friction has been done. The second analysis crust is simulated and topography effects have been ignored. The fault is simulated as 2D vertical contact elements. The results have been verified with geological data such as rate of displacement on fault and verifications demonstrate satisfied convergence. For friction of fault, the results with two coefficient factors are compared with GPS data and coefficient factor of 0.1 showed better convergences.

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Classic literary texts are of special cultural importance. Although Persian speakers still can read and understand these old texts after hundreds of years, for the younger generation and recent Persian learner is hardly possible due to lexical and slightly syntactic changes. Therefore, many of these texts have been simplified for children and even adults. This research tries to compare some stories of Kelile and Demne with their simplified versions to examine the changes of the literary text through the process of simplification, and at the same time, to extract patterns of simplification. The reason for picking up Kelile and Demne is that on the one hand, it is one of the technical and ornate literary texts in Persian, and on the other hand, it is recurrently simplified. In this research, changes have been classified in four levels of morphology, syntax, lexicon and text. As result, three different approaches to the mechanism of simplification of old literary texts of Persian were observed:

1.  The tendency to keep both the content and the form of the original text
2.  The tendency to keep the content unchanged, but manipulate the form of the original text
3.  The tendency to manipulate both the content and the form of the original text

Thus, the form has been always under change. The maipulations can be grouped into four levels of lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual changes.
 1. Introduction
Classic literary texts are of special cultural importance. Many Persian speakers still can read and understand old texts after almost a millennium; this is due to a peculiar feature of Persian language used to be the official or cultural lingua franca in a vast area from India to the eastern borders of nowadays Europe throughout those days. However, the younger generation has a hard task to decipher some old texts largely due to lexical and slightly due to syntactic changes. Therefore, a considerable number of old texts are increasingly being simplified for children and even adults.
Simplification is inevitable; but literary texts need to be conserved as well. This study helps us uncover almost unconscious mechanisms used to simplify prominent texts, while reserving at least parts of its outstanding aesthetic peculiarities. Having this in mind, this study tries to find and categorize mechanisms used by simplifiers of Persian Kelile and Demne as a prominent literary text of 13th century in modern times. 
 

2.  Literature Review

There are regulations introduced by authorities such as Kānoon-e Parvaresh-e Fekri-e Koodakān va Nojavānān (Center for the Intellectual Development of Child and Adolescent) and some private publishers. But they are based on individual experiences rather than researches. One important source dealing with the process of simplification in Persian is Payvar (2009). The inspirational source to this study, however, was Crossley, Allen & McNamara (2011).
Bahar (1951) divides Persian prose into four stylistic eras:
a) Early modern Persian texts from 11th to 12th centuries;
b) Ornate literary style with plenty of Arabic loanwords from 13th to 15th centuries starting with Kelile and Demne;
c) The era of decline from 13th to 18th centuries; and
d) Recursion style from 19th centuries onward.
As it might be expected, the ornate texts of the second era are the most problematic texts to understand, including Kelile and Demne.
 

3.  Methodology

Due to this fact, this research tries to compare some stories of Kelile and Demne with their simplified versions to examine how literary texts changes through the process of simplification. Consequently, it tries to extract patterns of simplification. The reason for picking up Kelile and Demne is that on the one hand, it is one of the most technical and ornate literary texts in Persian, and on the other hand, it is recurrently simplified. It is also translated into many different languages.
Three different approaches to the mechanism of simplification of Kelile and Demne were spotted:

1. The tendency to keep both the content and the form of the original text;
2. The tendency to keep the content unchanged, but manipulate the form of the original text;
3. The tendency to manipulate both the content and the form of the original text.

 

4.  Results and Discussion

As it is obvious in all approaches, the form always changes.
    The most important manipulations found in the simplified versions are summed up under four different levels of lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual changes, as follows:

1. Lexical manipulation:

1.1. Persianization
1.2. Modernization
1.3. Omission of the preverbal particle "bar"

2. Morphological manipulation:

2.1. Addition of the prefix "be-" in subjunctive mood
2.2. Change of "be-” to "mi-" in verbs in present tense
2.3. Omission of the initial prefix of "be-" the final suffix of "-i" from verbs of present tense
2.4. Change of the passive verbs with "āmad" (literally s/he came) into the modern passive verbs with "shodan" (literally s/he became)
2.5. Change of nonfinite verbs into finite ones
2.6. Omission of the so-called decorative prefix "be-" from verbs of past tense
2.7. Change of derivational suffixes

3. Syntactic manipulation:

3.1. Harmony of verbal tenses
3.2. Change of the word order of adjective + noun into noun + adjective
3.3. Change of simple sentences into complex ones
3.4. Maintaining word order in sentence level
3.5. Omission of conditional constructions

4. Textual manipulation:

4.1. Change of fictional macro-structure of "story within story"
4.2. Change of fictional elements
4.3. Textual shortening
4.4. Textual lengthening
4.5. Substitution of idioms
4.6. Change of the story beginning
4.7. Omission of many figures of speech such as rhyming, symmetry, and rhythm
4.8. Repetition of verbs instead of ellipsis
4.9. Omission of synonyms
4.10. Modernization of orthography.
 

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Aims: Climate change significantly threatens food security and environmental sustainability in semi-arid regions, such as northwestern Iran, where declining rainfall and rising temperatures challenge agricultural productivity and resource management. Agroforestry systems, integrating agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, have emerged as a promising solution to these challenges. This study evaluates the potential of agroforestry systems for enhancing resilience to climate change in the Arasbaran Region of northwest Iran.
Materials & Methods: The research assesses the impact of these systems on soil quality, biodiversity, and water resource optimization through a detailed survey of 78 households. Quantitative and qualitative questions were used to collect information from the sample households. The main questions addressed personal characteristics, occupation, farm details, types of species, costs, incomes, types of harvested products, selling methods, changes in species and products over time, and factors affecting production levels.
Findings: Results indicate that agroforestry practices, such as integrating drought-resistant tree species with crops and livestock, improve soil health, conserve moisture, and diversify income sources. Despite these benefits, farmers face obstacles, including inadequate technical knowledge, limited access to quality seedlings, and insufficient policy support. Socioeconomic factors such as land tenure and financial constraints further complicate widespread adoption. The study reveals that income increase is the primary motivation for adopting agroforestry, while challenges such as lack of government support and educational gaps are significant barriers. Apple (56%) and walnut (41%) are the most commonly planted species, followed by poplar (20.5%) and sour cherry (15%). The three-year mean household income is 2,185 million rials (SD= 2,382).
Conclusion: Overall, agroforestry presents a valuable opportunity for improving agricultural sustainability and resilience in arid and semi-arid regions. Addressing existing challenges through targeted interventions and leveraging traditional knowledge and international examples can enhance the effectiveness of these systems in mitigating the impacts of climate change.

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Aims: Datura stramonium L. is a medicinal plant known for its alkaloid compounds. Limited research has explored the impact of fertilizers like solopotas and fulvic acid on its growth and structural traits. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these fertilizers on the growth rate and biomass of D. stramonium.
Materials & Methods: Solopotas and fulvic acid were applied as foliar sprays at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, with five applications at 5-day intervals. Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf length, stem length, root length, leaf number, flower and fruit counts, and shoot weight were measured at maturity and compared with control plants treated with distilled water.
Findings: The fertilizer treatments significantly affected leaf traits, flower and fruit numbers, plant height, and shoot weight (p<0.05), but not root length. The 2% fulvic acid treatment resulted in the tallest plants (45.75 cm), compared to 31.25 cm in the control. The 4% fulvic acid treatment had the most leaves (39.5), while the control had the lowest (19). The 2% solopotas treatment produced the longest leaves (14.15 cm), while the 8% solopotas had the shortest (8.17 cm). The 2% fulvic acid also resulted in the heaviest shoots (13.5 g), compared to 3.5 g in the control.
Conclusion: Application of 2% fulvic acid and 2% solopotas significantly improved growth and biomass of D. stramonium, particularly in plant height, leaf number, and leaf length. These findings suggest these fertilizers can enhance the commercial potential of D. stramonium.

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This study tries to show that how viewpoint functions in discourse. As it will be clarified, it is highly related to the intention of the speaker/writer, and as a result, the orientation (s)he adopts in the discourse. Deictic markers function as discourse markers to fix and anchor time, place, agent, and other discursive elements. In this way, the viewpoint adopted by the enunciator/utterer is determined. Different types of viewpoint, then, are introduced and exemplified. Its relation with perspective is also examined.

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The quality of water available to humans has been seriously threatened due to population growth and the resulting increase in urban and industrial wastewater. To evaluate changes in the water quality of the Karun River in the urban area of Ahvaz, a simulation model was developed and used to assess the river's water quality based on existing standards. Results show that the quality variables of the river are highly dependent on the season of the year, with the largest changes in dissolved oxygen occurring during the driest and wettest seasons. Comparison of the river's current situation with national and international standards indicates that the water quality does not meet most standards, except during the autumn season when the flow rate is highest. Even if all effluents entering the river comply with existing discharge standards, the quality of the river does not meet desired standards. This highlights the importance of considering specific hydraulic conditions and the effect of time on river quality when updating existing standards.