تاثیر ترکیب زئولیت و الیاف بر بهبود خصوصیات ژئومکانیکی خاک تثبیت شده با سیمان تحت چرخه های یخ و ذوب

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل (کامل)

نویسندگان
مهدی صفا 1
امیررضا گودرزی 2
بهاره لرستانی 3
1 دانشجوی دوره دکتری، رشته مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران
2 دانشیار دانشکده مهندسی، گروه عمران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران
3 دانشیار دانشکده علوم پایه، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران
DOI: 10.22034/22.2.7
چکیده
در پژوهش حاضر تاثیر استفاده زئولیت همراه الیاف پلی­پروپیلن در پایایی مشخصات مهندسی خاک­های نرم تثبیت شده با سیمان تحت چرخه­های یخ و ذوب (F-T) بررسی شد. بدین منظور مقادیر صفر تا 30% وزنی، سیمان و مخلوط سیمان-زئولیت (با نسبت­های متفاوت)، بطور جداگانه به خاک مورد مطالعه اضافه، سپس با افزودن الیاف و عمل­آوری تا 90 روز، مجموعه­ای از آزمایش­های ژئوتکنیکی در کنار آنالیزهای ریزساختاری صورت گرفت. نتایج بدست آمده موید آن است استفاده از مقادیر اندک سیمان می­تواند سبب بهبود اولیه پارامترهای ژئومکانیکی خاک شود؛ اما با افزایش چرخه­های F-T مقاومت نمونه­ها بعضاً تا 60% کاهش می­یابد. تأمین شرایط مطلوب، نیازمند مصرف زیاد سیمان و نگهداری طولانی بوده که علاوه بر افزایش هزینه تثبیت، رفتار مصالح را به شدت تردشکن می­کند. از طرفی، با افزودن زئولیت (حداکثر تا یک چهارم سهم سیمان) علی­رغم امکان رشد ظرفیت باربری (تا 3/1 برابر)؛ اما همچنان مقاومت مصالح تحت چرخه­های F-T افت زیادی نشان می­دهد. مشاهده شد حضور الیاف در این سری از نمونه­ها، تاثیر قابل ملاحظه­ای بر افزایش پایایی رفتار خاک به ویژه در زمان­های محدود نگهداری (کمتر از 7 روز) و مقادیر کم افزودنی داشته و شاخص خرابی ناشی از فرآیند یخ و ذوب حدود 50% کاهش می­یابد. علاوه بر این، مقاومت کششی سیستم اخیر نسبت به سیمان تنها، بیش از 5/1 برابر بهبود و مقاومت پس­ماند آن تا 200% بیشتر است. علت این تغییرات با استناد به طیف­های اشعه ایکس و تصاویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی، تشکیل ماتریس پیوسته­تر خاک ناشی از گسترش نانو ساختارهای سیمانی و پیوند مستحکم الیاف با ذرات ارزیابی شد. در مجموع بر اساس نتایج حاصل، استفاده از ترکیب CZF، به دلیل امکان مصرف کمتر سیمان (حدود 30%) و همچنین کاهش زمان مورد نیاز عمل­آوری (تا 3 برابر)، به عنوان یک گزینه موثر برای بهسازی خاک­های نرم تحت چرخه­های یخ و ذوب، پیشنهاد می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of zeolite and fibers on the geo-mechanical properties of cemented soil under the freeze-thaw cycles

نویسندگان English

Mehdi Safa 1
Amir reza Goodarzi 2
Bahareh Lorestani 3
1 Dept. of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
2 Faculty of Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
3 Dept. of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan
چکیده English

Although cement stabilization is used extensively to modify the soft clays, it may show limited success in some applications. Hence, this paper presents a multiscale investigation on the viability of employing zeolite and fiber to enhance the durability of cement treated soil against the freezing-thawing (F-T) cycles. In so doing, a wide range (0 to 30%) of additives including sole cement and cement-zeolite mixture (CZ) with different cement replacement were separately added to a soft soil sample and then mixed with the optimal fiber content of 0.75% (by weight), which was determined by the indirect tensile strength test. A set of experiments at various curing days (up to 90 days) were performed to study the mechanical and microstructural changes of the stabilized soils. The results indicated that while a low level of cement can modify the geo-mechanical parameters of soil sample, the compressive strength of cemented soil could decay up to 60% when the specimens exposure to the successive F-T cycles. Such changes may be ascribe to the F-T-induced particles rearrangement and degradation of the cementation structure-bonding, forming many new voids and cracks subsequently decreasing the interlocking of matrix. As a result, to get the strength guidelines threshold and make the composite water proofing a high dosage of sole cement and a long time of curing (at least 28-day) are needed, which may be uneconomical and lade to the brittle behavior. Adding zeolite (≤ 25% proportion) to supplant part of cement could effectively enhance the engineering properties of cement-mixed soil, due to an increase in the cementitious products [e.g. Calcium-aluminate-hydrate (CAH) and Calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH)] induced by the pozzolanic activity, subsequent reduction of the inter pore-spaces and eventually a more compacted microstructure, as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. It should be emphasized that the zeolite/cement ratio is a very influential factor on the behavior of cement-zeolite mixture. Therefore, the cemented soil mixes with Zopt showed a further (up to 1.3 folds) resistance relative to the mere cemented soil as well as a greater tensile strength; however, the binary system was still vulnerable under the F-T action. In this case, the insertion of fiber could significantly enhance the soil durability (decrease the degree of damage by an average value of 50%), which was more evident at the small binder dosage and early stage of curing time. Incorporating fiber into the system also led to a higher tensile strength (nearly 1.5 times) than those deduced from the stabilization alone. Moreover, this strategy was effective to overcome the brittle nature of stabilized mixes, resulting an increase the post-strength up to 270%. These observations can be justified by the extended cementing gels formation and the enhanced interlocking of matrix through the CZ-fiber application. Overall, the combination of CZ blend and fiber can be considered as an effective technique for the soft soil modification with the fact that triggered a prominent reduction (~ 30%) in the needed amount of cement an time of curing (up to 3 folds) for the successful treatment against the F-T cycles.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Soft soil
freeze and thaw cycles
Zeolite
Fiber
modified geo-mechanical properties
1. Xie, X., Tian, H., Zhou, B., Li, K.; "The life-cycle development and cause analysis of large diameter shield tunnel convergence in soft soil area"; Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 107, 2021, 103680.
2. Chen, R., Zhu, Y., peng Lai, H., Bao, W.; "Stabilization of soft soil using low-carbon alkali-activated binder"; Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 2020, 1-13.
3. Akbari, H.R., Sharafi, H., Goodarzi, A. R.; "Effect of polypropylene fiber inclusion in kaolin clay stabilized with lime and nano-zeolite considering temperatures of 20 and 40 °C"; Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2020, 1-15.
4. Coudert, E., Paris, M., Deneele, D., Russo, G., Tarantino, A. "Use of alkali activated high-calcium fly ash binder for kaolin clay soil stabilisation: Physicochemical evolution"; Construction and Building Materials, 201, 2019, 539-552.
5. Yong, L.L., Emmanuel, E.; "Effects of corn starch and corn silk binary blends on the strength properties of a soft clay: A preliminary study"; Journal of Natural Fibers, 2021, 1-15.‌
6. Dhani, N., Gasruddin, A., Hartini, H., Baride, L.; "Unconfined compressive strength characteristics of overboulder asbuton and zeolite stabilized soft soil"; Civil Engineering Journal, 7, 2021, 40-48.‌
7. Salimi, M., Ghorbani, A.; "Mechanical and compressibility characteristics of a soft clay stabilized by slag-based mixtures and geopolymers"; Applied Clay Science, 184, 2020, 105390.
8. Aldaood, A., Khalil, A., Bouasker, M., Muzahim, A. M.; "Experimental study on the mechanical behavior of cemented soil reinforced with straw fiber"; Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2021, 1-17.
9. Saygili, A., & Dayan, M.; "Freeze-thaw behavior of lime stabilized clay reinforced with silica fume and synthetic fibers"; Cold Regions Science and Technology, 161, 2019, 107-114.
10. Wang, D., Korkiala-Tanttu, L.; "1-D compressibility behaviour of cement-lime stabilized soft clays"; European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 24, 2020, 1013-1031.
11. Wu, J., Deng, Y., Zheng, X., Cui, Y., Zhao, Z., Chen, Y., Zha, F.; "Hydraulic conductivity and strength of foamed cement-stabilized marine clay"; Construction and Building Materials, 222, 2019, 688-698.
12. Liu, L., Zhou, A., Deng, Y., Cui, Y., Yu, Z., Yu, C.; "Strength performance of cement/slag-based stabilized soft clays"; Construction and Building Materials, 211, 2019, 909-918.
13. Khajeh, A., Chenari, R. J., Payan, M.; "A simple review of cemented non-conventional materials: soil composites"; Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38, 2020, 1019-1040.
14. Kommu, S., Asadi, S.S.; "Effect of pH on compressibility behaviour of cement-treated soil"; In Advances in Civil Engineering, 2021, 789-807.
15. Goodarzi, A.R., Akbari, H.R., Salimi, M.; "Enhanced stabilization of highly expansive clays by mixing cement and silica fume"; Applied Clay Science, 132, 2016, 675-684.
16. Wang, D., Wang, H., Larsson, S., Benzerzour, M., Maherzi, W., Amar, M.; "Effect of basalt fiber inclusion on the mechanical properties and microstructure of cement-solidified kaolinite"; Construction and Building Materials, 241, 2020, 118085.
17. Wang, W., Zhang, C., Li, N., Tao, F., Yao, K.; "Characterisation of nano magnesia–cement-reinforced seashore soft soil by direct-shear test"; Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 37, 2019, 989-998.
18. Ge, L., Wang, C. C., Hung, C. W., Liao, W. C., Zhao, H.; "Assessment of strength development of slag cement stabilized kaolinite"; Construction and Building Materials, 184, 2018, 492-501.
19. Chen, J. J., Ng, P. L., Kwan, A. K. H., Li, L. G.; "Lowering cement content in mortar by adding superfine zeolite as cement replacement and optimizing mixture proportions"; Journal of Cleaner Production, 210, 2019, 66-76.‌
20. Chenarboni, H. A., Lajevardi, S. H., MolaAbasi, H., Zeighami, E.; "The effect of zeolite and cement stabilization on the mechanical behavior of expansive soils"; Construction and Building Materials, 272, 2021, 121630.‌
21. Jafarpour, P., Moayed, R. Z., Kordnaeij, A.; "Behavior of zeolite-cement grouted sand under triaxial compression test"; Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 12(1), (2020). 149-159.
22. Mariri, M., Ziaie Moayed, R., Kordnaeij, A.; "Stress-Strain Behavior of Loess Soil Stabilized with Cement, Zeolite, and Recycled Polyester Fiber"; Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31, 2019, 04019291.
23. Mola-Abasi, H., Semsani, S. N., Saberian, M., Khajeh, A., Li, J., Harandi, M.; "Evaluation of the long-term performance of stabilized sandy soil using binary mixtures: A micro-and macro-level approach"; Journal of Cleaner Production, 267, 2020, 122209.
24. Mola-Abasi, H., Khajeh, A., Naderi Semsani, S.; "Effect of the ratio between porosity and SiO2 and Al2O3 on tensile strength of zeolite-cemented sands"; Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(4), 2018, 04018028.
25. Rajabi, A. M., Ardakani, S. B.; "Effects of natural-zeolite additive on mechanical and physicochemical properties of clayey soils"; Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32, 2020, 04020306.
26. Roshan, K., Choobbasti, A. J., Kutanaei, S. S.; "Evaluation of the impact of fiber reinforcement on the durability of lignosulfonate stabilized clayey sand under wet-dry condition"; Transportation Geotechnics, 2020, 100359.
27. Aryal, S., Kolay, P. K.; "Long-Term durability of ordinary Portland cement and polypropylene fibre stabilized kaolin soil using wetting-drying and freezing-thawing test"; International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 6, 2020, 1-15.
28. Choobbasti, A. J., Samakoosh, M. A. Kutanaei, S.S.; "Mechanical properties soil stabilized with nano calcium carbonate and reinforced with carpet waste fibers"; Construction and Building Materials, 211, 2019, 1094-1104.
29. Wei, L., Chai, S. X., Zhang, H. Y., Shi, Q.; "Mechanical properties of soil reinforced with both lime and four kinds of fiber"; Construction and Building Materials, 172, 2018, 300-308.
30. Arabani, M., Haghsheno, H.; "The effect of polymeric fibers on the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized clay soils in Northern Iran"; International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 14, 2020, 557-568.
31. Ding, M., Zhang, F., Ling, X., Lin, B.; "Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber and cement stabilized clay"; Cold Regions Science and Technology, 154, 2018, 155-165.
32. Liu, J., Zha, F., Xu, L., Kang, B., Yang, C., Zhang, W., ... Liu, Z.; "Zinc leachability in contaminated soil stabilized/solidified by cement-soda residue under freeze-thaw cycles"; Applied Clay Science, 186, 2020, 105474
33. Ayeldeen, M., Kitazume, M.; "Using fiber and liquid polymer to improve the behaviour of cement-stabilized soft clay"; Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 45, 2017, 592-602.
34. ASTM; "Annual book of ASTM standards. vol. 04.08"; American Society for Testing and Materials, 2006, Philadelphia.
35. EPA; "Process design manual: land application of municipalsludge"; Res. Lab. EPA-625/1-83-016, 1983.
36. Yang, B. H., Weng, X. Z., Liu, J. Z., Kou, Y. N., Jiang, L., Li, H. L., Yan, X. C.; "Strength characteristics of modified polypropylene fiber and cement-reinforced loess"; Journal of Central South University, 24, 2017,560-568.
37. Vakili, A.H., Ghasemi, J., bin Selamat, M.R., Salimi, M., Farhadi, M.S.; "Internal erosional behaviour of dispersive clay stabilized with lignosulfonate and reinforced with polypropylene fiber"; Construction and Building Materials, 193, 2018, 405-415.‌
38. Correia, A. A., Oliveira, P. J. V., Custódio, D. G.; "Effect of polypropylene fibres on the compressive and tensile strength of a soft soil, artificially stabilised with binders"; Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 43, 2015, 97-106.
39. Abdeldjouad, L., Asadi, A., Ball, R.J., Nahazanan, H., Huat, B.B.; " Application of alkali-activated palm oil fuel ash reinforced with glass fibers in soil stabilization"; Soils and Foundations, 59, 2019, 1552-1561.
40. Baldovino, J.D.J.A., dos Santos Izzo, R.L., Rose, J.L.; "Effects of freeze-thaw cycles and porosity/cement index on durability, strength and capillary rise of a stabilized silty soil under optimal compaction conditions"; Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 39, 2021, 481-498.
41. He, L., Wang, Z., Gu, W.B.; "Evolution of freeze–thaw properties of cement-lime solidified contaminated soil"; Environmental Technology & Innovation, 21, 2021, 101189.
42. Wang, H. X., Wu, Z. Z., Tan, Y. Z., Cui, X. Z., Zuo, Q.J., Wang, L.H., Lu, L.Q.; "Characteristics of pore structure of stabilized/solidified sediments during freeze-thaw cycles"; Construction and Building Materials, 259, 2020, 119804.
43. Kampala, A., Horpibulsuk, S., Prongmanee, N., Chinkulkijniwat, A.; "Influence of wet-dry cycles on compressive strength of calcium carbide residue-fly ash stabilized clay"; Journal of Materials in Civil Eng., 26, 2014, 633-643.
44. Li, N., Zhu, Y., Zhang, F., Lim, S. M., Wu, W., Wang, W.; Unconfined compressive properties of fiber-stabilized coastal cement clay subjected to freeze-thaw cycles"; Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9, 2021, 1-14.
45. Liu, J., Zha, F., Long, X., Kang, B., Yang, C., Feng, Q., ... Zhang, J.; "Strength and microstructure characteristics of cement-soda residue solidified/stabilized zinc contaminated soil subjected to freezing–thawing cycles"; Cold Regions Science and Technology, 172, 2020, 102992.
46. Lu, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Xu, L.; "Freeze-thaw performance of a cement-treated expansive soil"; Cold Regions Science and Technology, 170, 2020, 102926.
47. Boz, A., Sezer, A.; "Influence of fiber type and content on freeze-thaw resistance of fiber reinforced lime stabilized clay"; Cold Regions Science and Technology, 151, 2018, 359-366
48. Kordnaeij, A., Moayed, R. Z., Soleimani, M.; "Shear wave velocity of zeolite-cement grouted sands"; Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 122, 2019, 196-210.
49. Jafarpour, P., Moayed, R. Z., Kordnaeij, A.; "Yield stress for zeolite-cement grouted sand"; Construction and Building Materials, 247, 2020, 118639.‌
50. Tran, K.Q., Satomi, T., Takahashi, H.; "Tensile behaviors of natural fiber and cement reinforced soil subjected to direct tensile test"; Journal of Building Engineering, 24, 2019, 1-10.‌
مهندسی عمران مدرس
دوره 22، شماره 2
خرداد و تیر 1401
صفحه 107-123